Library and Theoretical Framework free essay sample

Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory which explains why the research problem under study exists. Importance of Theory A theoretical framework consists of concepts, together with their definitions, and existing theory/theories that are used for your particular study. The theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic of your research paper and that will relate it to the broader fields of knowledge in the class you are taking. The theoretical framework is not something that is found readily available in the literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research literature for theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are investigating. We will write a custom essay sample on Library and Theoretical Framework or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power. The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways. 1. An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to evaluate them critically. 2. The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing knowledge. Guided by a relevant theory, you are given a basis for your hypotheses and choice of research methods. 3. Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study forces you to address questions of why and how. It permits you to move from simply describing a phenomenon observed to generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon. 4. Having a theory helps you to identify the limits to those generalizations. A theoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a phenomenon of interest. It alerts you to examine how those key variables might differ and under what circumstances. By virtue of its application nature, good theory in the social sciences is of value precisely because it fulfills one primary purpose: to explain the meaning, nature, and challenges of a phenomenon, often experienced but unexplained in the world in which we live, so that we may use that knowledge and understanding to act in more informed and effective ways. A theoretical framework is a compilation of interrelated concepts, such as a theory though not necessarily worked-out so well. A theoretical framework guides you in doing research, determining what kind of things you will measure, and what type of statistical relationships you will look out for. A theoretical framework is a theoretical perspective of something. It can simply be a theory, but it can also be more general or a basic approach to understanding something. Typically, a theoretical framework defines the kinds of variables that you will want to look at. A theoretical framework refers to a collection of interrelated concepts. It is like a theory but it is so well worked out. It guides ones research, determines what things one will measure and the statistical relationships one will look for. A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a theory but not necessarily so well worked-out. It guides your research, determining what things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will look for. Theoretical frameworks are also important in exploratory studies. Theoretical framework is a structure that is used for supporting a theory of any research work. It explains the theory of why the research is necessary. The framework helps the reader to make sense of the question that the research is founded on. A theoretical framework is a compilation of thoughts and theories on a research topic. To write a theoretical framework, identify the core set of connectors within a topic showing how they are related to the research topic. When writing theoretical framework, include an outline of existing theories closely related to the research topic. Demonstrate that the topic addresses questions that interest those already researching the field then clarify how your research relates to the existing theories. Your own theoretical assumptions and loyalties should be as open as possible. Why use a Theoretical Framework? An effective history paper should do more than simply report what happened in the past. An effective history paper should also provide some analysis. Using a theoretical framework for your paper can help open up your analysis of past events by providing a particular set of questions to ask, and a particular perspective to use when examining your topic. top of page What is a Theoretical Framework? Theoretical frameworks provide a particular perspective, or lens, through which to examine a topic. Theoretical frameworks usually come from other disciplines such as economics, the social sciences, and anthropology and are used by historians to bring new dimensions of their topic to light. There is no right or wrong theoretical framework to use when examining your topic since every topic can be looked at from a number of different perspectives. For example, an essay on slavery in the American south could be examined from a social perspective the relations between slaves, or between slaves and masters but also from an economic perspective, a political perspective, or a cultural perspective just to name a few. Theoretical frameworks, however, are even more specific than these broad subject approaches. Theoretical frameworks are specific theories about aspects of human existence such as the functioning of politics, the economy, and human relations. These theories can then be applied to the study of actual events. While it is not necessary to use a theoretical framework to examine your topic, it can help to focus your essay on a specific aspect of your topic and can direct your analysis of that topic, offering unexpected insights into the past. top of page Examples of Theoretical Frameworks There is no finite list of theoretical frameworks one can apply to a topic. Nonetheless, there are several theoretical frameworks that have been used more often by historians, forming schools of thought and shared approaches to historical subject matter such as marxism, nationalism, post-colonialism, and post-modernism, just to name a few. It is important to note that these categories are fluid, and many of the theories can be classified under more than one school of thought. In addition, many historians borrow theoretical frameworks from other disciplines without actively associating themselves with a particular school of thought. Below are some examples of theoretical frameworks that have been adopted by historians in recent decades. Marxism Many scholars use Marxist philosophy and theories to study past events. One notable theory is Italian philosopher Antonio Gramscis theory of cultural hegemony. Gramsci proposed that those in power maintain power by making the societal hierarchy seem normal. Gramscis theory has been used by many contemporary historians to analyze past events. For example, Robert Rydell has applied this theory to the study of Worlds Fairs, proposing that the elite of society used Worlds Fairs to try to sway the masses into supporting a societal order that appeared to benefit everyone, but in reality benefitted primarily the elite. This is just one example of a Marxist theory being applied to the study of history. There are many more. Nationalism Scholars of nationalism study how and why people have come to identify themselves as being a part of a nation, as well as the impact of the rise of nationalism in the last two centuries. Benedict Anderson, for example, famously referred to nations as imagined communities since a nation is a community in which the vast majority of people will never actually meet face-to-face or know each other, but nonetheless share a sense of identity based on nationality. Many historians have used Andersons theory to analyse nations and nationalism historically, while others have challenged Andersons theory on how nations are created by examining the rise of nationalism in a variety of different historical contexts. Post-Colonialism Post-colonialists study the power relations and racist assumptions that made the colonial system possible, as well as the legacy of colonialism for both the colonists and the colonized. Edward Saids theory of Orientalism proposes that the West has created a mythologized version of the East (or Orient) to reinforce the difference between the two, and the superiority of the West over the East, thus legitimizing Western attitudes towards and treatment of those in the East. Historians use Saids theory to examine past events, even those outside the strict geographic area being considered in Saids original theory. Historians examine how western countries mythologize and exoticize the other in order to reinforce and legitimize their position of power. American historian Erika Lee, for example, uses Saids theory to examine American attitudes (particularly those of white American women) towards China and Japan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the United States was developing its informal empire in the region through treaties and trade. Literary Theory Historians have borrowed prolifically from cultural and literary theorists in recent decades. One notable example is Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtins theory of carnivalesque. For Bakhtin, the carnivalesque referred to literature that permits a temporary inversion of the normal social hierarchy. He compares these literary productions to the medieval carnival where for the duration of the carnival normal hierarchies of power were suspended, allowing participants to mock and burlesque those in authority. Many historians have made use of Bakhtins theory outside of the world of literature, applying it to past events,and examining how different events allowed for the temporary inversion of power. Natalie Zemon Davis, for example, examines the role of gender inversion in the popular culture of early modern France. While many historians and anthropologists have argued that the temporary inversion of power of the carnivalesque ultimately serve to re-inforce normal power structures, Davis argues that carnivalesque inversions can also serve to undermine them. Post-Modernism French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault theorized that discourses (meaning the ways in which we speak and think about our reality or some aspect of that reality) actually structure our reality and iin most instances are used to reinforce hierarchies of power, but can also be used to subvert these same hierarchies. Historians have applied Foucaults theory to the past, examining how discourses in different times and places have been used to reinforce power. Bengali historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, for example, examines how the discourse of history in the academic world continues to place Europe at the centre of historical studies, even in the study of places outside of Europe. Gender Studies Gender studies examines how notions of gender structure our reality. Gender studies have been influenced by post-modernism, arguing that gender is not a fixed category, but rather a social construction. Historians have used these theories to examine how the construction of gender functioned in the past, and to what end. Feminist historian Joan Scott, for example, examines how gender discourse has historically served to construct and legitimize gender hierarchies. Anthropology Cultural anthropology is the study of human cultures and seeks to understand how and why they function as they do. Anthropologist Victor Turner examines the role of rites of passage and their cultural meaning and function. Historians have used his work to examine past events and their meaning to those who participated in them. http://dlibrary. acu. edu. au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp129. 17052007/03chapters_5-10. pdf http://www. studymode. com/subjects/related-local-and-foreign-studies-for-library-system-page1. html http://www. papercamp. com/group/review-of-related-foreign-studies-of-library-system/page-30 Identification A conceptual framework is a tool researchers use to guide their inquiry; it is a set of ideas used to structure the research, a sort of map that may include the research question, the literature review, methods and data analysis. Researchers use a conceptual framework to guide their data collection and analysis. If, for example the researcher wanted to know whether boys did better than girls in a certain subject then he might look at literature on the development of both sexes, and on the methods of socialization of boys and girls as this could influence what subjects were of interest. The researcher would then look at existing literature on male and female development and socialization as this would help to clarify what questions she should ask e. g are girls more interested in history when it is concerned with actual people or do boys prefer the history of battles etc. The ways in which boys and girls viewed a subject could influence their progress in that area. Function According to sociologists Haralambos and Holborn, a conceptual framework enables the researcher to find links between the existing literature and his own research goals. If, for example, a researcher was looking at why women stay with violent men then she might want to look at theories of identity to establish whether certain personality types are more likely to be battered and why, Sponsored Links SoftLayer ® Official Site Innovative hosting goes global Singapore Servers now available SoftLayer. com/Asia-Pacific Considerations According to Smyth, the researcher has to bear in mind that a conceptual framework can overly influence his thought and subsequent actions. If the researcher becomes to bound by the framework then this has to be laid out and acknowledged when he writes up their methodology. The researcher should be prepared to use more than one set of ideas to guide his research, which may mean using two or three theoretical frameworks in conjunction as Smyth eventually did. Benefits Providing the researcher realizes that a conceptual framework will only take them so far in his analysis of the research data, it can be useful. Most research projects start with a hypothesis e. g that violent men are inadequate, the hypothesis is turned into a question and the researcher starts looking at literature on violent and non-violent men, which in turn guides the questions he will need to ask. Effects When the researcher uses a conceptual framework as a starting point for research there comes a point when he finds that the results of his study move beyond the original question e. g. he finds that violent men are not necessarily inadequate but have little or no self esteem and the man deals with this by blaming his partner or girlfriend for making him feel that way and so he is violent. This is a clear example of research going beyond the original question and framework and adds something new to the existing body of research on violent men. http://www. ehow. com/about_6664512_meaning-conceptual-framework-research_. html The Main Library serves the University’s students, faculty, staff, and alumni, even including outside researchers. It is organized into three major divisions: the Technical Services Division, which forms and adopts standard acquisition, cataloging and indexing policies and procedures; the Administrative Services Division, which provides support to the functional sections/units of the Library; and the User Education and Services Division, which is responsible for general book services, maintenance and preservation of the Library’s materials and computerized database applications. The building itself is composed of nine decks, but only the first four floors and the basement are more usually opened to the library users. The Basement holds the Filipiniana Section, Media Services, the Microfilm storage, the Audio-Visual Room, and the Philippine eLib Data Center, where digitized collections like UP theses, rare collections and periodicals, and digitized publications of partner government agencies can be accessed. The first floor, the Social Sciences Section, General Reference Section and most of the Electronic Resources can be found. Library users can easily familiarize themselves with the Library with the Virtual Tour (Interactive Virtual Tour Emulation/INVITE), or find the materials they need with iLib, both of which are accessible through the computer systems at the first floor lobby. The second floor contains the Microfilm Laboratory, the University Librarian’s Office, Administrative Services, Computer Services, Technical Services. Materials that can be found here are the Filipiniana Serials and Special Collections, Foreign Serials, and other specially rare books and documents kept in the Judge Guillermo Guevarra Room. There is also a red functional elevator at the Foreign Serials Section. At present, the elevator is only used for transferring books and other library holdings. The University Archives and Records Depository (UPIANA) and the School of Library and Information Sciences (SLIS) are situated in the third floor. The original statue of the Oblation, UP’s renowned symbol, greets visitors as they climb up to this floor. Students from the College of Fine Arts and the College of Architecture used to share this floor for their classes alongside SLIS students, until they had their own respective buildings. The east side of every floor from the basement to the third, and the rest of the floors from the fourth upwards contain more stacks of books. Wireless Fidelity or Wi-fi  ® â€Å"hotspots† are scattered around the Library to cater to Internet users. Insert formula here iLib and OPAC Systems Library users now enjoy the benefits of the Computerized Library System employed by the Main Library. The UP Integrated Library System (iLib) a web-based system using Open Source technologies, which integrates all library processes, is accessible, user-friendly and can be remotely managed. A selected committee started developing iLib on July 15, 200. It was first tested on June 09, 2007 in the library units of UP Diliman, and became fully operational by 11 February 2008. UP Students’ ID serve as their library cards when borrowing from the library. The iLib is now copyrighted, being issued a Certificate of Copyright Registration and Deposit by the NCCA of The National Library on July 16, 2008. Electronic journals and other databases can also be accessed through iLib and OPAC modules. Artworks in the Library Aside from its books and other resource materials, the Library also stores and displays a great treasury of artworks. The University logo is perched on the entrance doors of the Library. Each room contains various paintings and portraits of former administrators and other significant people in history; some pieces were even created by National Artists and eminent names in the Philippines’ artists circles. A small gallery can be found in the second floor, containing a few artworks. In the room for Foreign Serials at the third floor, several busts of national figures and heroes are displayed. Most of the University Library Collection is now relocated to the University Heritage Museum, or the Bulwagan ng Dangal. Birth of the modern National Library (1900-1941)[edit] The Legislative Building on Padre Burgos Street in Ermita would serve as the National Librarys home from 1928 to 1944. As the Philippine-American War died down and peace gradually returned to the Philippines, Americans who had come to settle in the islands saw the need for a wholesome recreational outlet. Recognizing this need, Mrs. Charles Greenleaf and several other American women organized the American Circulating Library (ACL), dedicated in memory of American soldiers who died in the Philippine-American War. The ACL opened on March 9, 1900 with 1,000 volumes donated by the Red Cross Society of California and other American organizations. [1] By 1901, the ACLs collection grew to 10,000 volumes, consisting mostly of American works of fiction, periodicals and newspapers. The rapid expansion of the library proved to be such a strain on the resources of the American Circulating Library Association of Manila, the organization running the ACL, that it was decided that the librarys entire collection should be donated to the government. [1] The Philippine Commission formalized the acceptance of the ACLs collections on March 5, 1901 through Act No. 96, today observed as the birthdate of both the National Library and the Philippine public library system. [1] With the ACL now a Philippine government institution, a board of trustees and three personnel, led by librarian Nelly Y. Egbert, were appointed by the colonial government. At the same time, the library moved to Rosario Street (now Quintin Paredes Street) in Binondo before its expansion warranted its move to the Hotel de Oriente in the same district in 1904. It was noted in the 1905 annual report of the Department of Public Instruction (the currentDepartment of Education) that the new location was not exactly spacious but at least it was comfortable and accessible by tramway from almost every part of the city. [1] At the same time, the ACL, acting on its mandate to make its collections available to American servicemen stationed in the Philippines, established five traveling libraries, serving various, if not unusual, clientele across the islands. [1]In November 1905, Act No. 1407 placed the library under the Bureau of Education and subsequently moved to its headquarters at the corner of Cabildo (now Muralla) and Recoletos Streets in Intramuros, on which today the offices of the Manila Bulletin stand. [1] On June 2, 1908, Act No. 1849 was passed, mandating the consolidation of all government libraries in the Philippines into the ACL. Subsequently, Act No. 1935 was passed in 1909, renaming the ACL the Philippine Library and turning it into an autonomous body governed by a five-member Library Board. At the same time, the Act mandated the division of the library into four divisions: the law, scientific, circulating and Filipiniana divisions. [1] The newly renamed library was headed by James Alexander Robertson, an American scholar who, in collaboration with Emma Helen Blair, wrote The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, and recognized today as both the first director of the modern National Library and the father of Philippine library science. Robertson would later abolish the librarys subscription fees for books in general circulation in 1914. [1] Act No. 2572, passed on January 31, 1916, merged the Philippine Library with two other government institutions: the Division of Archives, Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks (later to become the National Archives, the Copyright Office of the National Library and the Intellectual Property Office) and the Law Library of the Philippine Assembly, forming the Philippine Library and Museum. [2] In addition, the Philippine Library and Museum was placed under the supervision of the Department of Justice. [1] However, on December 7, 1928, Act No. 3477 was passed, splitting the Philippine Library and Museum into the National Library and the National Museum (now the National Museum of the Philippines). [2] The newly formed National Library was placed under the supervision of the Philippine Assembly, subsequently moving to the Legislative Building on Padre Burgos Street in Ermita. This arrangement continued with the convocation of the National Assembly at the dawn of the Commonwealth era in 1935. However, supervision of the National Library would return to the Department of Public Instruction in 1936. [1] Collections Facsimile copies of Noli Me Tangere andEl filibusterismo are displayed at the Filipiniana Divisions reading room. The original copies are kept in a special double-combination vault at the rooms rare documents section. The collections of the National Library of the Philippines consist of more than 210,000 books; over 880,000 manuscripts, all part of the Filipiniana Division; more than 170,000 newspaper issues from Metro Manila and across the Philippines; some 66,000 theses and dissertations; 104,000 government publications; 3,800 maps and 53,000 photographs. [9] The librarys collections include large numbers of materials stored on various forms of non-print media, as well as almost 18,000 pieces for use of the Library for the Blind Division. [9] Overall, the National Library has over 1. 6 million pieces in its collections,[9] one of the largest among Philippine libraries. Accounted in its collections include valuable Rizaliana pieces, four incunabula, the original manuscript of Lupang Hinirang (the National Anthem),[12] several sets of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, a collection of rare Filipiniana books previously owned by Tabacalera (the Spanish tobacco monopoly), and the documents of five Philippine Presidents. [1] The most prized possessions of the National Library, which include RizalsNoli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and Mi ultimo adios, three of his unfinished novels and the Philippine Declaration of Independence, are kept in a special double-combination vault at the rare documents section of the Filipiniana Divisions reading room. [1][13] A significant portion of the National Librarys collections are composed of donations and works obtained through both legal deposit and copyright deposit due to the limited budget allocated for the purchase of library materials; the 2007 national budget allocation for the library allocated less than ten million pesos for the purchase of new books. [9] The library also relies on its various donors and exchange partners, which numbered 115 in 2007,[9] for expanding and diversifying its collections. The lack of a sufficient budget has affected the quality of the librarys offerings: the Library for the Blind suffers from a shortage of books printed in braille,[14] while the manuscripts of Rizals masterpieces have reportedly deteriorated due to the lack of funds to support 24-hour air conditioning to aid in its preservation. [15] Review of Related Literature of Library System Introduction Now a days, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. Now, with the advent of such modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realized that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in education is also vast. Library is derived from the old French â€Å"libraries† which means â€Å"a collection of book†. Reading material in a school are stored in libraries. Library is place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The librarian has to keep the room neat so that it is conducive for learning. The librarian is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the books that are borrowed and returned by the borrowers. Examensarbete / Thesis: Usability Evaluation of Digital Library BTH a case study University essay from Blekinge Tekniska Hogskola/COM The Blekinge Institute of Technology (Swedish: Blekinge Tekniska Hogskola) (BTH) is a public, state funded Swedish Institute of technology in Blekinge[1] with more than 8,000 students (part-time, full-time) and offers 350 courses in 40 educational programmes[2] in five schools at two campuses located in Karlskrona and Karlshamn. The institute focuses on applied information technology and sustainable development; additionally also offers programs in management, economy, health, planning, social science and the humanities. Blekinge Institute of Technology is located in the Telecom City[3] area and works closely together with many telecommunications and software companies including Telenor, Ericsson AB and Wireless Independent Provider (WIP). CHAPTER I PROJECT BACKGROUND Technologies are important and helpful in everyone’s life. Computers help people to do such things or tasks easily and faster. Technology has a systematic and organized way of keeping data records, computing numbers, accomplishing a lot of transactions and reports. A system of a library is made to have a fast process of transactions for searching book titles, borrowing books, returning books, computing penalties and generating an accurate report. Aguilar Catholic School, High school department is located at Poblacion Aguilar, Pangasinan. It is a religious school and the religion of all the students and staffs is Roman Catholic and their library is open for them. It has a collection of books, magazines, journals, dictionaries, encyclopedias and other reading materials. The library is still using a card catalogues in searching books and the librarian is still using manual transaction for borrowing, returning and generating reports. Using a manual process is a hard work and because of it the librarian is having a problem to serve each students and faculties who wish to use the library. Aguilar Catholic School is using a record book to track borrowed books from the library. The librarian will write down the book being borrowed, borrower, book information, date borrowed and the date returned. A penalty is given to the borrower if he/she loses the book; the due date of returning of the book has ended. The penalty for losing a book depends on the amount of the book and if the borrower returned the book after its due date the penalty is 10 pesos. The proponent observed a lot of errors occurring in their manual system. The librarian is having difficulty working in the library and the borrowers are having difficulty in searching the book. INTRODUCTION Now, in our society all over the world technology is the most important advancement, a necessity in bringing about progress as we move along in this computerized world. These changes in effectmake man’s life easier and more convenient. The relationship between the library and computer is constantly changing that the use of computer contributes to the way man learns and communicates. It easy in this world to strive for changes and since library is no different from any firm and institution, considering the use of computer to perform a given task will be efficient. The fast phased of technology attributed a lot to the improvementof the library system. Technology enabled software developers to computerize the librarysystem. The automated library system helped the academe greatly. Library, transactionsand queries can be created in a single click. Traditionally, library systems are implemented manually. Forms are given to librarian and they fill them of using pens. Computerized library system identifies the modern process of technology, on how it works quickly for the students and librarian. Pagadian Capitol College, base on the library system, the librarian and the library users still use the manual way of transacting of borrowing and returning of books. In the system we are going to make the manual library system into automated and computerized one. The manual library system is very costly, time consuming and tedious. Hence, computerized library system, the librarian can easily find the books of the student that they are looking for without going through the traditional way of searching a library material. And for the students, it can lessen the time and effort needed by them of the library. The implementation of the system will reduce the time and effort of the users in terms of adding, editing, searching, deleting and printing of records. The system can also help in reducing the expenses of the library such as papers, folders, pens and other materials needed

Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples

Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples Research design is a tool that is used in carrying out marketing researches. The design is supposed to give in detail the procedures that are supposed to be followed to solve problems that marketing researches present. The major approaches used in researches include exploratory, causal, and exploratory research designs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information requirements, measures, and scales have to be spelt out clearly. Sampling process, sample size, and data analysis plans also feature prominently as components of the three research designs (Collins, Sutton and Onwuegbuzie 2006) Descriptive research design Descriptive research design is mainly used to describe a behavior or type of subject. It not intended to look for specific relationships between variables neither does it correlat e variables. Its major set back is that it cannot identify cause because its setting is completely natural. Moreover, it has all the variables present. Descriptive research design is an asset to a researcher because a lot of information can be acquired through description. For purposes of identification of variables and hypothetical constructs which can be subjected to further investigations using other means, descriptive research design come in handy. Some of its advantages include the ability of its descriptions to be used to indirectly test theory or model behaviors that cannot be studied using any other means (Creswell 1998). Categories of descriptive design include surveys and observational studies. Field surveys feature prominently under surveys. Under this, the participants are expected to fill in the questionnaires or be subjected to interviews in natural settings. Much attention should be devoted to construction and content validity of the questionnaires; the scores must be reliable; the questions should be clear and precise hence mutually exclusive answers; the interviewer must be consistent and controlled in his or her behavior; and the order of questions as they appear in the questionnaire have to be counterbalanced. This helps in identifying and controlling one sided responses. Finally, field surveyors have to pay attention to concrete behaviors that naà ¯ve respondents describe accurately. Surveys are quite often mailed or facilitated through phone calls. Surveys conducted through mails involve questionnaires that are relatively long. It takes some time before these mails are returned. However, not all of them can be returned but 50% return rate is normally okay for the survey.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Inclusion of cover letter, giving survey a face validity, asking brief questions, guaranteeing rewards, and sending a re minder will only ensure that the return rate of the mails is enhanced. Telephones are credited for having higher response rate. The telephone interviewers normally use structured and closely ended questions (Fraenkel and Wallen 2003). The introduction of telephone interviews have to be straight to the point and friendly. It is usually assumed that participants who fail to participate in phone interviews may be busy or guarded. When it comes to identifying the population and samples to participate in surveys, all subgroups have too be identified without any element of bias. Random or stratified random sampling techniques are preferred. However, other sapling techniques like cluster sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling can be used. Potential biases that are encountered in field survey include: by the time the interviewer is calling the respondent may not be in a mood to talk, there may be biasness on the side of those who have accepted to take part in the view (such volunteers may be opinionated or bored), there may be a silent majority, and the way one feels today may not be the same as the way he will feel tomorrow. Survey results are normally analyzed using descriptive statistics. This helps in checking significant correlations in responses gotten from different questions. In observational studies, descriptions normally rely on observations made on the subjects. General techniques used here are naturalistic observation, systematic naturalistic observation, and participant observation. Naturalistic observation is unstructured and unsystematic. It entails observation of a wide range of behaviors. Systematic naturalistic observation is systematic and looks into specific behaviors. Participant observation requires that the investigator infiltrate the group he or she is observing. The observer acts like a spy agent whose true identity and purpose cannot be known (Creswell 2005). The major advantage of observation studies is that it is absolutely natural. It does not therefore demand characteristics. Its disadvantages are unavailability of informed consent, it relies on convenience samples, the data used is mostly qualitative as there is much of verbal descriptions and observations made visually.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Observation studies are supposed to help in identifying variables which are valuable in indirect tests of models and predictions. In order to decrease bias in observation studies, well defined scoring criteria has to be developed, time sampling technique must be used, there have to be multiple observers, double blind procedures have to be used, and for purpose of increasing external validity, it is imperative that random samples are obtained. Exploratory research design Exploratory research design is normally used in research whose purpose involves inquiry into new products that should be developed, how the product appeal will enhance its advertising, and how the existing services can be improved. Research questions in exploratory research design border on the alternative ways that exist that can be used for example to provide lunch for school children, the kind of benefits people stand to get from the product, and the nature of dissatisfaction the customer may be getting from the product in the case of marketing research. The hypothesis here has unknown constructs. The hypothesis also suspects that the major problem in the study could be impersonalization. Causal research design The purpose of this research design in marketing research perspective is to ascertain whether an increase in the service staff ca be profitable, which advertising program for public transit is suitable, and whether new budget should be contemplated. The research questions here touch on the correlati on between size of staff offering services and the revenue that is accrued. What do people stand to get from cars and the public transport. Comparison of the three research designs The major objective of exploratory research design is to discover ideas and insights where as in descriptive research design involves describing market aspects and functions. Nevertheless, causal research design tries to determine the cause-effect relationships in the research one is conducting. A major feature of exploratory design is its flexibility, its adaptability, and the front end of total research design. However, descriptive research design is marked by past formulation of specific hypotheses from observations and studies. This design is pre-planned and structured. Causal research approach can proceed through one or more independent variables. Other mediating variables that fall under this design can also be controlled. An exploratory research approach entails the use of surveys, case studies, in formation from other studies, and qualitative analyses. In contrast, a descriptive research approach uses information from other studies, panels, analyses, and observation. Causal research design strictly uses experiments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References List Collins, K. M. T., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Sutton, I. L., 2006, A model incorporating the rationale and purpose for conducting mixed methods research in special education and beyond, Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal, vol.4, pp.  67-100. Creswell, J. W., 1998,Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among the five  traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W., 2005, Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating  quantitative and qualitative research (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., 2003, How to design and evaluate research in  education (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

The Best Currency Exchange Methods for Every Situation

The Best Currency Exchange Methods for Every Situation SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re planning a trip to another country, you’ve probably spent a lot of time thinking about the airline you’ll fly, the hotel or AirBnB you’ll stay in, the food you’ll eat, and the fun new things you’ll get to experience. You might not, on the other hand, have thought too much about how you’ll get money on your trip. Despite the fact that currency conversion is a decidedly less interesting travel topic than the best place to go zip-lining, it’s important to understand the costs associated with changing money. Currency exchange requires some time and effort, so it’s necessary to plan ahead or you risk getting stuck with heavy fees. In this article, I’ll cover the basics of how currency exchange works and what you should consider when deciding where and how to change money. How Currency Conversion Works If you’re traveling, sending money to another country, or buying, selling, or trading foreign currency, you’ll need to change your money from one currency to another in a transaction called a currency exchange. Currency exchange tells you what one country’s money is worth in terms of another country’s money. All currencies have different values, which change daily based on different factors like inflation, economic stability, and interest rates. When you exchange currency, you’re trading in a certain amount of money in one currency for the equivalent amount of money in another currency. Currency exchange rates aren’t fixed. Rather, they’re constantly changing. The rate at which you exchange two currencies one day may be different than the rate at which you exchange the same two currencies the next day. Because currency exchange rates change so often, it’s important to understand the best ways to buy, sell, and trade currencies so you get the best deal. Factors to Consider for Currency Exchange There are a lot of fees associated with currency conversion. Read on to learn the three factors that affect currency exchange fees so you can make sure you’re getting the best deal. #1: Explicit Fees Most methods that you’ll use to exchange money will come with a set, explicit fee. You can think about this fee as the cost of doing the business of currency exchange. For instance, you may have to pay a $30 fee to wire money from your bank to a foreign bank. Or, you may be charged a 1% fee to convert your currency at an airport currency exchange teller. Consider these fees when deciding where to exchange your money. A 1% fee may sound more attractive than a flat dollar amount, but could add up to more if you’re exchanging large amounts of money. #2: Conversion Rate Conversion rates almost always differ from the wholesale currency exchange rate. So, for instance, if the wholesale market is charging $1.10 USD per one euro, a bank or currency exchange company like Travelex may charge $1.105 or $1.110 USD per one euro. Again, while this deviation in conversion rate may seem small, it adds up, particularly if you’re exchanging a large amount of money. #3: Convenience The idea of convenience is more nebulous than conversion rates or explicit fees. Convenience is basically the value of your time and effort to exchange money. For instance, if your current bank charges $1.110 USD per one euro, and a different bank charges $1.105 per one euro, it’s probably not worth it to go to the different bank just to save $0.005. Similarly, you need to consider how accessible currency exchange is where you live. If your local bank will exchange currency, that's a solid option. However, if you need to travel three hours out of your way to find a bank that'll change your money, you may just want to wait to change money at the airport. You’ll want to weigh the value of comfort, ease, and convenience versus actual monetary savings. Best Currency Conversion Options In this section, I’ll detail the top currency exchange options for a number of different situations. Best Foreign Exchange Options While Traveling If you’re traveling, you’ll want to make sure changing currency is cheap and convenient. The best option is to withdraw cash as you go on your trip from ATMs. In this section, I’ll describe the most common currency exchange options for travelers. ATMs The most cost efficient way to exchange money in a foreign country is to withdraw money from an ATM. If you have a commonly accepted ATM card, like a Visa or Mastercard, you can likely withdraw money from a foreign ATM while traveling. ATMs are highly prevalent throughout the world and any country that receives even a small number of foreign tourists will have ATMs at least in the airport that you can withdraw cash from. However, there are some downsides to withdrawing from a foreign ATM. First, you can be slapped with fees if you withdraw from a foreign ATM. In addition to a small flat fee for using the ATM in the first place, you’ll likely have a foreign transaction fee that adds between 1-5% to the total amount of your withdrawal. Consider opening an account at a bank like Charles Schwab, for instance, that doesn't charge international transaction fees. Second, it can be difficult to find ATMs that accept U.S. debit cards in some places. While the vast majority of countries with tourists have numerous options for withdrawing cash, some rural or less well-traveled areas may not have cash readily available. You may want to bring some with you, just in case, or withdraw a larger amount when you do visit an ATM so you don't get stuck. Airport Kiosks Airport kiosks are convenient, ubiquitous, and, often, a huge ripoff. Airport kiosks often offer poor exchange rates and high fees for exchanging cash. However, you can use them as a last resort if you need cash on hand when you enter a country. Normally, you can either bring cash to exchange or withdraw cash from your ATM debit or credit card. If you have your ATM card with you, I'd recommend visiting an ATM rather than withdrawing from an airport kiosk. Credit Cards Credit cards are a solid option for paying for things you buy abroad without cash. There are tons of travel credit cards out there that don't charge international transaction fees, so if you can get one of those, I'd recommend using your credit card as much as possible. You can also commonly withdraw cash as a cash advance from your credit card. However, most credit cards charge cash advance fees and higher interest rates on cash withdrawals. If you decide to use your credit card abroad, I'd stick to using it on credit card transactions and withdraw money with your debit card instead. Cash Conversion Banks and credit unions often offer the most favorable conversion rates and limited to no fees if you exchange with a teller. Banks and credit unions, however, often exchange only widely used and popular currencies, such as the peso or the euro. If you’re looking for a less common currency, you might not be able to conduct a currency exchange at your bank. Before going to your bank, be sure to look up their currency exchange policies online or speak to a representative over the phone. You want to confirm that your branch a) actually offers currency conversion services, and b) carries the currency you need. Best Foreign Exchange Options for Sending Money to a Foreign Country Sending money to a foreign country can be expensive, with lots of hidden fees. In general, your best options are wire or online transfers, which often have flat fees. You can also use PayPal or Western Union if you have to, which charge a percentage fee. Wire/Online Transfers Wire transfers, which you can make in person or over the phone at a bank, or online transfers, which you can make using your online banking account, are the best options for sending money abroad. Most banks and credit unions only charge a small flat fee for wire transfers (typically between $15 - $30), so if you’re moving a large amount of money, you’ll save on fees by transferring directly from your bank. Wire and online transfers also allow you to transfer more money at one time than using a third party service like PayPal or Western Union. If you’re sending money to a foreign bank, you’ll need information from the recipient, including the name and address of their financial institution, as well as a SWIFT or IBAN number. PayPal PayPal is a solid option for transferring money to foreign accounts, but does come with more fees than most wire or online transfers. For transactions under $3,000, you’ll pay a 2.9% fee, plus a $0.30 per transaction charge. Larger transfers incur less of a fee, but are more restricted. If you want to make a larger transaction, you’ll have to go through additional identity verification steps. Western Union Western Union charges a flat rate for transferring money to another account. Their fees are typically higher than those at most banks and credit unions. You’ll also be charged an exchange rate on transfers made on international funds. Unfortunately, most Western Union foreign transactions don’t receive a favorable exchange rate. Best Foreign Exchange Options for Currency Trading Currency trading is a complicated, fast-paced business. If you’re looking for a forex broker, consider one of the following options. Oanda Oanda is a strong trading platform that offers a large selection of currency pairs (90+). Oanda is friendly to newer traders, as it has a $0 account minimum and no requirements for minimum trade lot. Oanda also had the lowest spread markup on commissions across the seven major currency pairs. Ameritrade TD Ameritrade is the leader in currency exchange, with an unmatched selection of currency pairs and lots of tools for investors. Trades will be subject to commissions, however, and TD Ameritrade has an account minimum of $2,000. Best Options for Buying and Selling Foreign Cash in the US Back from your trip with lots of foreign cash still in hand? Consider these methods for buying and selling foreign currency in the United States. Your Bank Banks will likely offer you the best deal on buying back currency, but may not buy back all types of currency. Airport Kiosks If your bank won’t buy back your money, airport kiosks will buy almost all types of currency. But, you probably won’t get a great exchange rate, but at least you won’t be stuck with cash you can’t use! Current Currency Exchange Rates Check out the chart below for current currency exchange rates, as well as the current currency exchange rate at Travelex. Note, rates are constantly changing. I included these so you could see how the Travelex rate differs from the stated daily exchange rate. Currency Exchange Rate ($1 USD =) Travelex Rate Canadian Dollar 1.3274 1.1757 Mexican Peso 18.00027 15.9987 European Euro 0.8934 0.8146 British Pound 0.7814 0.7141 Chinese Yuan 6.84 6.0283 Japanese Yen 111.28 98.9324 Australian Dollar 1.32 1.1639 Russian Ruble 59.45 49.9108 Swiss Franc 0.9693 0.8741 South African Rand 12.91 11.1990 In Summary Changing money can be a complicated, but necessary process. If you’re exchanging your currency, you’ve got a number of different options, depending on how much money you need and which currency you’re exchanging. Be sure to do your research or risk getting saddled with unexpected and hefty extra fees.

Employability Portfolio Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employability Portfolio - Coursework Example For example, I did some marketing activities as a source of extra income to bear my educational expenses and also, to gather some experiences of real life. Additionally, I have engaged myself into some sort of voluntary organization, for example, blood donating organization, schooling for underprivileged slum children, etc, which enriched my managing capacity and practical knowledge. I think, I will be able to relate the both side- internship requirements and my personal attainment. The crucial thing is that I am yet to complete my academic accomplishment and have to go through practical field. For that reason, I need to be coped with applicability of academic theories and knowledge. So, it just a matter of time and practical tasks I will go about. In that way I will be able to fill the gap and will be succeeded to integrate the both. In terms of my academic qualification, I completed my graduation from university of Dhaka around business management. In addition, I am engaged with some organizations as voluntary activists. In this way, I am contended with management of organization. I also did some marketing activities beside my study as an extra source of income to support personal and educational expenses. I intend to relate my marketing experience with practical marketing fields. So, I think, I am best fitted to your required internship personnel. I have just provided my study and work qualification briefly for your sincere consideration. How can I explain else within the certain limitation? Please, feel free to contact me via my e-mail or phone to discuss elaborately. Business and marketing always go hand in hand in today’s commercial world where both are inevitable for the development of any region, country, as well as the whole world. For its unavoidable impact on modern society, it is wiser to be engaged with these, and also be coped with its every minute updates and analysis. Putting a sharp observation to these, I chose to come

Explain the phenomenon of organisational commitment and analyse its Essay

Explain the phenomenon of organisational commitment and analyse its alleged relationship with organisational performance - Essay Example The most widely studied outcomes include employee retention, attendance, organizational citizenship, and job performance (Angle and Perry, 1981). Organizational commitment has become one of the major concerns of human resource these days. The enhancement of employees performance is issue for both profit and non-profit organizations. Non-profit organizations usually find it difficult to deal with this issue because of their inability to provide their employees with competitive compensations and benefits (Riveros andTsai,2011). One of the important objectives of an organizations human resource team is to keep employees motivated. It is because employees motivation results in commitment which in turn improves their performance and declines their desire to leave the organization. In order to achieve these results, organizations can devise a positive reward system. The purpose of this reward system is to retain employees. A positive reward system may include financial as well as non-financial rewards but mostly, non-financial rewards are proved effective to retain employees (Riveros and Tsai, 2011). Organizational commitment is a topic which has been studied by several authors. Nevertheless, the most important contribution was made by Modway, Steers and Porter (1979) in the form of Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. In order to fathom the importance of organizational commitment, it is important to clarify the concept (Riveros and Tsai, 2011). According to Colarelli and Bishop (1990), organizational commitment involves commitment to an organization as well as organizational goals. Allen and Meyer also proposed a measurement of organizational commitment in 1990. According to them, there are three components of organizational commitment including affective, continuance, and normative. The affective components include employees emotional attachment and their identification with the organization.

American Intervention in Soviet-Afghan War Essay Example for Free

American Intervention in Soviet-Afghan War Essay During the Cold War, the United States resolved to take a shot at the Soviet Union by siding with Afghanistan and taking great measures to stop Soviet influence and communist ideology. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to expand its influence in the Middle East with the absence of American influence. At this point in the Cold War the United States and Soviet Union were more or less at the climax of their dilemma, so the U. S. therefore decided to get involved by fortifying Afghan’s primary rebellious group, the mujahidin. The United States jeopardized homeland security by providing significant support to mujahidin revolutionaries, and in doing so the U. S. helped them hinder Soviet rule over Afghanistan. There are plenty of reasons ratifying America’s lack of foresight and prudence, one being that the state of the Soviet Union was not great as it was. One should take into consideration that the Soviet Union was already in a drastic decline when the United States began to intercede in Soviet-Afghan affairs. Benjamin Frankel, an esteemed writer who wrote an article for History in Dispute, described how there was a prolonged controversy in the Soviet Union on the topic of how to proceed with communist policies (14). Secondly, America already expressed its hard-line policy toward the USSR in a more detrimental way. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan established the Strategic Defense Initiative to protect the U. S. from potential ballistic missile attacks by the Soviet Union. In total, as the ABC-Clio database prescribes in paragraph ten of â€Å"Cold War, 1945-1991†, the USSR spent approximately $80 billion on the Soviet-Afghan War. The fall of the USSR was hastened by its lofty spending on the unnecessary cause. Similar to the economic problems in the Soviet Union, the United States’ actions concerning Soviet-Afghan affairs inflicted great burdens upon the U. S. economy. The United States wasted a substantial amount of money in order to aid mujahidin rebels so they could counteract their Soviet oppressors, but received no compensation in return. As an unknown author from Mount Holyoke College estimates in â€Å"Origins of the Taliban†, the United States lost about $3 billion just on funding these covert ops. The mujahidin and Afghanistan as a whole provided little in return. The mujahidin, for one, only used America for what it provided and discarded the country once transactions were complete. Also, Afghanistan contained insufficient natural resources compared to its Middle-Eastern counterparts. In addition to this action’s negative impact on the U. S. economy, it was also unjustified by the United States’ failure in persuading Afghans to convert to its political viewpoints. The United States did not spread democracy or even impede the Soviet Union’s communist influence on Afghanistan. Instead of acting how it did, the United States should have allowed Afghanistan to develope itself and figure out its own problems to an extent. One sign of progression in the country occurred in the mid-2000s when Afghanistan held its first presidential election. For example, Canada has benefitted by having the foreign policy of isolationism. Shifting back to the mujahidin, Benjamin Frankel describes it, stating, â€Å"Once they helped to push the Soviets out of Afghanistan, they turned their attention to the hated ‘infidel’ West and its ‘satanic’ leader, the United States† (16). Benjamin Frankel went on to speak of how the Afghans were apathetic toward the message of democracy, while they already disdained the ideology of communism (16). These reasons explain why the two parties never became allies and split ways once the Soviets withdrew in 1989. Sometime in the midst of the United States attempting to spread democracy in Afghanistan, the Jimmy Carter regime passed an embargo on wheat and corn against Russia as another attempt to burden the Soviet Union. The Russian Grain Embargo, enacted in 1980, had a negative financial impact on American farmers. This act was drawn up to reciprocate the past ongoing tensions between the United States and Soviet Union which heightened when the United States began to help the mujahidin in 1979. On the subject of U. S. and USSR trade, representative George McGovern stated at a 1980 Senate hearing in paragraph ten on the Annals of American History database that agricultural produce took up 75% of their trade. With this lack of trade, the USSR and U.  S. each deeply suffered. As a result of the Russian Grain Embargo, prices on a bushel of wheat dropped 50? and prices for a bushel of corn dropped 30?. As McGovern later proclaims to the senate in his speech in paragraph nineteen, projected numbers â€Å"do not take into consideration the tremendous increase in cost of production for crop year 1980 for farmers, coupled by depressed markets. † This act, indirectly associated with rising tensions also causing the U. S. to fortify the mujahidin, made live very hard for farmers. The Russian Grain Embargo left a great mark on agrarian society in both the United States and the Soviet Union, but moreso in the U. S. This statement demonstrates the irony behind the embargo. The harm done to the USSR was substantial, though. One may say that the Russian Grain Embargo went with the hard-line policy Reagan put forth toward the USSR, but this argument is invalidated by the financial burdens on America and the Soviet Union. Subsequently in his speech, George McGovern states in paragraph twenty, â€Å"The U. S. omestic blow to the agricultural community can reasonably be concluded to be greater than the one we are delivering, at least in the long run and at least in economic terms. † Plus, Russia was coming off a record low year for crop production, further supporting this act’s injustification. Despite the fact that the Russian Embargo Act was mainly a burden to farm society, it also proved or will have proven to be a burden to other important parts of society. The Russian Grain Embargo also devastated both the United States and the Soviet Union in ways other than agriculturally including everyday citizens. In paragraph eighteen McGovern alludes to his great statistical knowledge, noting that American taxpayers compensated for the debt of the Russian Grain Embargo by paying a sum of $3. 8-5 million. The credibility of the United States as a reliable trade partner skyrocketed due to the embargo. The administration of former President Jimmy Carter probably did not foresee this outcome or even think about it. Another outcome of the act was expanded herd slaughter in Russia. Russians thus consumed bad or in some cases unsanitary meat because of the lack of U.  S. meat shipments. Instead of wasting our time creating unnecessary policies or embargoes or groundlessly creating a powerful Afghan resilient force, the Unites States should have seized other important opportunities. For example, during the period in which the United States sent weapons to the mujahidin, Afghanistan’s neighboring country Pakistan developed a nuclear-weapon program. This is ironic because limiting nuclear-weaponry in any place was apparently supposed to be a chief concern of America, yet we did nothing about it. Pakistan could have shared nuclear secrets with its ally neighbors, thus jeopardizing American security. Benjamin Frankel wrote about the possibility that Pakistan could eventually use their nuclear weapons. In that case, America would certainly regret not committing itself to the issue. Before acting, we have to first ponder all implications – the pros and cons. Either the various leaders of the United States from 1979 to 1989 did not do this or they misevaluated. When a country is already on an nevitable path to its downfall, spending a large amount of money to try to hasten it is unnecessary. Blocking trade to that country is inessential and dumb if all parties involved are negatively affected like in the case of the Russian Grain Embargo. In the end, the Unites States and Soviet Union were burdened by their shortsighted approaches; ergo, we should learn from their mistakes and attempt to fix any remaining consequences. Unfortunately, we may one day have to endure the reper cussions of not taking action if a Middle Eastern country sets off a nuclear bomb.

Body Image in the Media :: Advertising Papers

How does the media influence our body image? In what forms, does the media influence our perceptions about our body? These were the two questions that I asked myself in order to do the research paper and the panel discussion. In my opinion, I would agree that the media does influence and promote women and men to believe that the culture's standards for body image are ideal. Hence, the phrases, "thin is in" and "the perfect body" are two examples of "eye-catching" headlines that I observed in many women magazines. I learned that the media influences us through television, fashion and health magazines, music videos, film, commercials, and various other advertisements. Sadly, as a result, this repeated exposure, the "thin" ideal, can lead many young girls in triggering eating disorders, depression, low self-esteem, stress, and suicide. After acquiring this relevant information, I decided to focus my research on what type of media influences elementary school children and the adolesc ent teenager. The three central types of media that I found that did indeed influence body image are: Fashion magazines, famous top-models and actresses, and teenage or young adult women in the music industry. According to the Seretean Center for Health Promotion, " the term, "body image" has been coined to describe a person's inner sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the physical appearance of her/his body." (From The Wellness Column, April 1, 1996.) In my research, I found that many young girls are dissatisfied with their bodies and many "strive" to look like the "waif-thin" models or actresses one sees on television or in fashion magazines. There was a lot of information and facts on body and image that I found on the Internet. However, one website, Just Think Foundation, supported my belief that the media, magazines in particular, do indeed influence young girls to be "thin" in order to be popular and beautiful in our society. For example, I was in alarmed to learn that "eighty percent of 10-year-old American girls diet; more than five million Americans suffer from eating disorders and ninety percent of those are adolescent and young adult women; the number one magic wis h for young girls age 11-17 is to be thinner; and between elementary and high school, the percentage of girls in the U.S. who are "happy with the way I am" drops from 60% to 29%.

Effects of Music on Teenagers Essay

Every teenager who listens to music interprets the lyrics in a different way. Some people take out a deeper meaning from the lyrics, even going to the point of saying that music â€Å"saves their lives†. Music holds a powerful effect on an individual because it can stimulate and provoke multiple responses—physiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. But, every genre of music gives its own message to teenagers. Some may enforce positive actions, while some condone negative actions. Rap has the negative status of objectifying women and promoting gang violence. On the other hand, rock has a positive reputation because it helps people cope with their problems and identify with their peers. Everyone, teenagers included, is susceptible to internalizing the messages they hear over and over again. The degree of those messages determines the effect on the teenager. Every genre of music effects teenagers in a different ways. In some genres, like rock, the positive effects outrun the negative, and in some genres, like rap, the exact opposite happens. Structurally, the rock and rap genres has noticeable differences between them. Generally, the sound of rock music rotates around guitars, bass, drums, and the keyboard. There is a large tendency to focus on instruments, especially the guitar, which requires considerable skill to play. For example, the rock band Fall Out Boy consists of four members who each play their own instrument while one member does vocals and plays an instrument. Alternatively, rap’s main focus is free styling and looping words to create a â€Å"story† in a flowing rhyme, keeping it in sync with the beat. In most cases, like the rapper Machine Gun Kelly, the artist preforms by themselves with the assistance with a DJ or MC to play the musical tracks for the songs. Rap displays a larger emphasis on lyrics, while ro ck likes to have a variety of sounds. In the rock genre, it’s all about expression. Rock music can speak about all kinds of topics, from love to some not so pleasant. Many rock musicians sing about real issues that teens are going through, which helps teens find motivation. Adolescents sometimes find it difficult to communicate with older people, most of the time because of ideological differences. This often makes teens with problems shy away from seeking help and guidance. Teens find hope and encouragement when they listen to music that talks about problems they are going through. The identification they are experiencing with the rock song  lyrics can also help teens to become more tolerant and open-minded. A study published for the 9th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition reported that mood regulation is one of the most important reasons why people listen to their favorite music (McCammon). Rock music can help mood regulation in teenagers, especially females who are prone to mood swings and depression. For example, the song Eye of the Tige r by Survivor can cause teens to associate with the underdog. The song provides a positive message, while keeping an uplifting tone throughout the whole song. The music provides depressed teens with a mode to forget their problems and participate in healthy activities, such as dancing. While rock has been given a positive reputation for allowing teenagers to express themselves, some have given it a poor reputation because it can intensify emotions. While those people who are naturally happy and cheerful are less likely to have effects from the negative lyrics, other, less fortunate teens might not be the same. Adolescents who are susceptible to negative, violent, or depressive thoughts are more likely to have those feelings, and act on them, after listening to rock music. At the same time, if a person is not experiencing those negative thoughts, the music can act as a catalyst, causing the teen to have these thoughts and urges. The rap genre is often given a negative reputation for the way it effects teenagers. Critics of the genre say that the music objectifies women and promotes drug use. For example, the song 9 Problems by Jay-Z, repeat edly refers to a woman as a â€Å"bitch.† This song allowed women to be categorized under the vulgar name â€Å"bitch†, because of the high reception the song received in the media (The Portrayal of Women Within Popular Music). A recent study by WebMD reports that teenagers who listen to rap music are more likely to have babies and engage in risky sexual behavior (Kirchheimer). Apparently, this behavior is because the lyrics in many rap songs promote the idea of women as nothing more than sexual objects. Correspondingly, it was shown that youth who listened to rap songs were more likely to get involved with drugs. This is because in some songs, the artists refer to drugs that the person has not heard of, which sparks their curiosity to learn and most likely try the new drugs. The rap genre can also give teenagers a false sense of belonging. When they hear about, or see in the videos, expensive possessions, they feel that if they spend their money to buy that stuff, they can be just like the  people in the videos. The media then uses this to their advantage to market products to the younger, naà ¯ve generations. Even though rap is seen as a vulgar music genre by a large population, it can be positive for teenagers. It makes a person feel good about who they are because even if they may not live a good life, they can relate to the lyrics in a particular song. This is different than the false sense of belonging because instead of the individual trying to fit in, they are finding the place where they fit in, while not changing themselves. Rap lyrics also help youth feel free and powerful. They are free to express what they want to express. Listeners of the music have even gone to the extent of calling the rap genre â€Å"a religion for troubled youth† because it provides them with an outlet to express themselves and something to believe in. It is evident that rock and rap are very different genres that expose different messages to teenagers. But, no matter the genre of music, studies have shown that the use of music videos show an increased open-mindedness to deviant behavior among teenagers. The music videos reinforce what is being heard in the lyrics with the use of visuals. They usually exhibit sexual innuendo, acts of aggression, and gender stereotypes. Research has shown that, after watching videos, men said it was necessary to pursue the women to an inappropriate extent, while women thought it was annoying and/or disturbing. Men scored higher in relations to attitudes for sexual overtones, while women scored higher on the acceptance of interpersonal violence. The results of the study also showed that women who were often subjected to violent music videos were more accepting of violence. Also, men had a greater acceptance of sexual stereotyping and rape myths after watching the videos (The Effects of Violent Music Content On Teens). Over time, people have stereotyped genres of music. Sometimes the music is seen as positive and uplifting. But other times it is seen as negative and downgrading. In the end, the way that music effects teenagers all depends on how the tee n acts and interprets the music. Depending on their emotional and mental status, they can have different reactions to the music than someone who has different feelings than them.

Nine Stories

Analysis: Nine Stories by JD Salinger For those like me who couldn't find any insightful analyses about this collection on the Internet: You're welcome. I have finally figured out what this is about (I think). So the fancy book club met a couple weeks ago to discuss Nine Stories by JD Salinger. Much despair was had because of our varied and confused insights into Salinger's stories. Was Seymour a pedophile? What's up with the random last line in â€Å"Just Before the War with the Eskimos? † How should we interpret Nine Stories?And although I haven't answered most of these questions, I can at least answer the last. So for those of who don't know how to absorb the collection, here's a little solace: All of these short stories are about the loss of innocence and the attempt to gain it back. The characters are stuck between innocence and adulthood. And, interestingly, nearly all of the stories feature an interaction between a child and an adult, the child generally being an ideal or a tool for the adult to regain innocence – but not always.In some, even the child is struggling with the loss of ideals. Seymour Glass is the main character in â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish,† and he's recently returned from the war with mental wounds serious enough to require psychiatric help. The first half of the story shows a telephone conversation between his new wife, Muriel, and her mother. Their discussion revolves around Seymour's problems, and – when compared to our firsthand experience with those problems – we realize how little they grasp and how little either of them has invested in his well-being.In the second part of â€Å"Bananafish† Seymour speaks with a young girl named Sybil about catching (mythical) bananafish – a fish whose quest for food leads to its a demise. The encounter is a bit disturbing – sexual language abound – and we get a feel for Seymour's anguish, although specifics are murky. Salinger uses every word to his advantage – in a very subtle way – and, needless to say, the encounter is quite unsettling. We have that distress confirmed when, at the end of the story, Seymour retires to the hotel room – where his wife is sleeping – sits next to her, and shoots himself.The significance of the bananafish is, of course, Seymour's alignment with it. The fish's quest for food translates to Seymour's quest for innocence. His quest, like the fish's, ends in death. Sybil represents Seymour's ultimate goal, which is why their interaction is so unnerving. It seems, on the outside, like he's preying on her (like the bananafish does its food), but he's actually after what she represents: innocence. He gets his fill and bloats so that he can't fit back into a world where people like his wife and mother-in-law rule. They are Sybil's antithesis, and Seymour is caught between the two different existences.It's in this limbo where Seymour – and many of Sa linger's protagonists in Nine Stories – perish. Eloise and Mary Jane are former college roommates who reconnect in â€Å"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut† (my personal fave). Mary Jane visits Eloise at her house, and thus ensues a night of drunken revelations. Immediately, Eloise appears unhappy to the point of severity, and Mary Jane takes a back seat to Eloise's readily apparent issues. We learn that Eloise lost the love of her life in the war (a common villain in Nine Stories) and has resigned herself to a lackluster, unwanted marriage.She's so unsatisfied with her life and her past that she takes it out on everyone, especially her daughter Ramona who has an imaginary friend – symbolic of dreamy innocence and also indicative of a void she's trying to fill (the lack of compassion from her mother). In one poignant scene in â€Å"Uncle Wiggily,† Eloise berates Ramona with incredible rage. In the end – after a LOT of alcohol – Eloise admits her w eakness: transposing her anger onto others. She resents the loss of her first love, resents her loss of innocence, and resents the people who still have it.It's really an agonizing story about lost hope, the recognition of no longer having hope, and the desperation to – if nothing else – remember what it's like to have hope. She's trapped in a sort of external realm, watching herself, aware of her circumstance, and yet not being capable of moving forward. â€Å"Just Before the War with the Eskimos† is about a frugal young girl, Ginnie, who comes into her friend, Selena's home to collect a cab fare and encounters her brother, Franklin, a grubby Holden Caulfield-type of character. â€Å"Eskimos† really eludes any obvious meaning, but it's in there †¦ somewhere. Okay, here goes †¦. he larger theme is war. It's the backbone of most of Nine Stories. Franklin was not drafted, because he has a bad heart, and he and Ginnie talk about this briefly, but l ong enough for Ginnie to connect it with what they are subconsciously discussing: rejection. From the get-go – with her demanding to be reimbursed for the cab fare – Ginnie appears to be a girl who takes things for granted; she gets everything she wants. Ginnie's not deliberately mean, but she doesn't accept things as they are, but rather demands that they be how she wants them and easily dismisses things/people she doesn't care for.She wants to throw the furniture in Selena's home out the window, for example. Then, in walks Franklin, who is boldly himself. Their conversation begins with his rejection from the draft, then moves to his rejection by Ginnie's sister, then Ginnie's rejection of the sandwich he offers her. Ginnie is connecting with a person who has been rejected his whole life by people like her and the types of institutions that she represents. Unconsciously, Ginnie links her behavior with the behavior of war, and in the end, decides to keep the sandwich à ¢â‚¬â€œ a growth in character.The sandwich is sort of symbolic of the rejection Franklin has experienced in the past(his loss of innocence), and it parallels the dead Easter chick (death=death of innocence/hope) in the last line. I may be stretching it, but the story is so tightly wound that it's hard to unravel. Ginnie is undoubtedly changed for the better because of her interaction with Franklin. Her taking the sandwich may have given him hope for future acceptance, and he gave Ginnie forgiveness and a little child-like compassion. Eh? â€Å"The Laughing Man† – Yeesh. This story is a mind-squeeze if I ever saw one, but I think I've got it figured out.The premise is that a college-aged guy takes a bunch of young boys on little â€Å"field trips† – to the baseball diamond, for example (What are his motives? Where are these boys' parents and how do they feel? I don't know, but alas †¦ ) During these outings, The Chief – as he's called – narrates a fable about The Laughing Man, a sort of creepy-roguish-Robin Hood character with a deformed face, a sense of adventure, and an Inspector Clouseau type-of-character after him. â€Å"The Laughing Man† may or may not be narrated by Buddy Glass, a member of Salinger's Glass family. The boys-only outine comes to a halt when The Chief's girlfriend, Mary Hudson, starts tagging along, presumably because of dentists' appointments she has in the city. With the entrance of Mary, the Laughing Man's fate takes a turn for the worse. The narrator notices frustration between Mary and The Chief, and in the end, the Laughing Man meets his maker and the boys never see Mary Hudson again. â€Å"The Laughing Man† is primarily a story about lost innocence. The Chief, a college student, spends his afternoons with relatively young boys – questionable, but without a doubt, an attempt to sustain his youth.Immediately, with the entrance of Mary Hudson, the narrator senses stress between her and the Chief. The Laughing Man symbolizes boyhood and innocence, and when Mary Hudson arrives, the Laughing Man's fate becomes less certain. Thanks to Wikipedia, a plausible explanation would be that Mary Hudson is pregnant and is actually coming into the city for doctor's visits, not dentist appointments. (Who has frequent dentist appointments? ) This is most likely the case, but it's irrelevant. The moral of the story – and what the Chief is teaching the boys through the Laughing Man's story – is that boyhood ends. Innocence ends.Kind of depressing, but there it is, consistent with the rest of Nine Stories. â€Å"Down at the Dinghy† opens with two house servants discussing Lionel, the son of Boo Boo Glass (their employer). (Another Glass appearance – woohoo! ) We gather from their conversation that Lionel has a penchant for running away. One of them is also concerned that Lionel will repeat something she said (apparently, he has a penchant for that as well). Thus, after Boo Boo arrives at the house, speaks with the women for a moment, and goes down to the pier to see Lionel, he's trying to sail away. Where the Wild Things Are? anyone?The rest of the story is devoted to Boo Boo's attempt to entice Lionel back to shore, as it were. She tries to go with him, tries to find out why he's leaving (one of the house servants called his dad a kike), and then finally challenges him to a race back to the house. (Lionel wins. ) â€Å"Down at the Dinghy† is so understated that it seems like a â€Å"day-in-the-life. † But Salinger isn't a â€Å"day-in-the-life† kinda guy. Soooooooooo †¦. I'm gonna squeeze this baby open. Two instances in this story are noticeably darker than the rest: the housekeeper calling Lionel's father a kike and Lionel wearing Seymour's goggles. Seymour was Boo Boo's brother). Now, Lionel's problem isn't as shallow as â€Å"a boy with a penchant for running away. † These two i nstances are more significant than the anatomy of â€Å"Down at the Dinghy† would lead you to believe. This young boy has recently (I'm assuming) lost his uncle, and additionally, he believes that other people think poorly of his father. It's a double-blow, and Lionel reacts by running away. What seems like a story about a kid just being a kid, read from this perspective, transforms into a story about a person grappling with the loss of ideals.Lionel is realizing that the world is not as it seems; there's more going on. I believe he feels blindsided. Lionel throwing Seymour's goggles into the water is so significant, because he's disposing of distractions from the truth. Finally, Boo Boo coaxes him back into being a kid, distracts him from his disillusionment. So there is Lionel, another of Salinger's characters who is straddling the line between innocence and adulthood. â€Å"For Esme – with Love and Squalor† is one of Salinger's more obvious stories. During th e war, Sergeant X recollects his brief but impressionable meeting with Esme, a young girl in a restaurant before the war. Esme† is totally simple, thus it doesn't need to be dissected; I don't even need to give you a rundown of their interaction. Basically, Esme represents innocence for Sergeant X during the war, a time of â€Å"squalor† and adult concerns. Innocence and squalor both constitute the sergeant's existence. â€Å"Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes† relates a phone call between Lee and Arthur. Arthur believes his wife, Joanie, is having an affair, while we're led to believe that the woman with Lee is in fact Joanie. Arthur's life appears to be in shambles (lost a court case, wife cheating on him, etc. , but soon after the two men hang up, Arthur calls Lee back and makes up a story about Joanie coming back home even though she's still with Lee. Arthur is, for all intents and purposes, a man who prides himself on having a trophy job and a trophy wife, two n aive ideals. When those ideals are torn down – in a sheer act of childish pride – Arthur pretends they still exist. This would generally go unnoticed, but is readily apparent to Lee and Joanie, hence why Salinger chose to tell the story through their points of view. De Daumier-Smith's Blue Period† is about a pretentious young man (De Daumier) who fakes his way into a professorship at an art school. Once there, he reviews his pupils' work and struck by a religious painting by a nun. That's basically it. De Daumier-Smith is a wayfarer, devoid of spirituality and ideals, extremely pretentious and this piece of art forces him to question his convictions. â€Å"Blue Period† is about a man who pretends to be a complex â€Å"adult† but is stripped of his pretensions through an artist who evokes spirituality and idealism. Teddy† is a boy genius/profit who has an existential conversation aboard a ship with Nicholson, a curious grad student. Teddy belie ves in past lives and karma, and – from what I know about Salinger – represents his spirituality du jour. Salinger, in every one of his Nine Stories, is painting innocence the protagonist and adulthood the villain but is concerned with those characters torn between the two. â€Å"Teddy† rounds out the collection nicely, because its main character lives and dies by his ideals. Teddy is the martyr of Nine Stories and he's meant to be the example for its characters, readers, and even its author. More analysis: Moon By Chaim Potok

Ben and Jerrys Essays

Ben and Jerrys Essays Ben and Jerrys Essay Ben and Jerrys Essay Ben and Jerrys BY tmh01854 Ben Jerrys corporate strategy is to be a force for social change through its presence in the frozen desert market. With a commitment to promoting social awareness and caring capitalism, Ben Jerry established itself as a leader with a unique image in the superpremium ice cream market by priding themselves with an anti-business style, both externally and internally. Theyre the largest corporate supporter of community and environmental issues (committing 7. % of pre-tax profits). They tand behind a casual working environment with a 5:1 salary ratio structure, which means the highest paid employee can only earn a maximum of 5 times the lowest paid employee. Ben Jerrys business strategy is differentiation, in that they offer a wide variety of products. While the company continues to pull slow moving products, they replace them with new flavors and selections that contribute to the companys growth. Using Porters 5-Force analysis, threats of new entrants and supplier power is low, but intense rivalry, threats of substitutes, and threat of buyers are high, giving he industry as a whole an overall rating of 2 stars. Threats of new entrants are relatively low, as there are high barriers to industry entry. These include the initial capital investment to purchase equipment, as well as establish distribution channels and marketing/advertising campaigns. There is a high threat of substitutes in the ice cream industry, as many products are available to satisfy the same needs. Buyer power is high, as both consumers and retailers drive the price and choices of ice cream. Since shelf space is limited, ice cream can easily be replaced. Supplier power is low as there are multiple sources to buy the ingredients to make the product. A company can get the raw materials Just about anywhere, but when venturing into the superpremium market, this product line uses brand candies from other companies. Rivalry is high since many compete to have better flavors and shelf space in stores. We do believe that the culture and values of create a sustainable advantage. Bs values include caring capitalism, funding community projects, free employee assistance programs, day-care, comprehensive benefits ackages, and their important 5:1 salary ratio rule. Ben Jerrys certainly possess a unique brand as it relates to culture. The companys social mission and its promotional awareness events generate interest in the company. By targeting social causes, the Ben Jerrys brand extends beyond the ice cream products where consumers may believe that through the purchase of Ben Jerrys ice cream, they are also contributing towards the social initiatives of the company. Further, the culture and values differentiate the company from its competitors. As a strategy, the social involvement dives awareness of the companys brand and product leading to fiscal growth. This benefitted Ben Jerrys during its growth period and formed a strong identity among consumers. From a sustainability standpoint, Ben Jerrys drove social responsibility issues before it became fashionable within the business sector. That said, culture and values contribute towards a competitive advantage, but is not a means to an end on its own. The company must still practice fundamental perational discipline and manage its cost structure to survive long term. Under Cohens leadership, cost and profit management was an afterthought to the social improving their position to cover short liabilities. Their gross profit margin has held steady over the last 6 years (averaging 28. 3%) after dropping from a high in 1981 (49. 76%). This is an indication of successfully adjusting their price point due to changes in their operation. However, their net profit margin fell over time as more expenses resulted from investments in non-production costs. While not robust, BJ increased both their net working capital and asset turnover from 1985 1989. They brought their long term debt ratio down to 31. 5% in 1986. However, since then, BJs additional financing came from debt (back up 70% in 1989) becoming a highly leveraged company. Two challenges that confronted Ben Jerrys by the end of the case include compensation at market rates for senior management as well as the friction between Ben Cohens ideology of the company and Chico Lagers desire to lead Ben Jerrys into a growing, businesslike environment. The 5:1 compensation plan limited the companys ability to recruit top talent within the management ranks leading to lengthy executive searches and vacant management positions. The latter point stemmed from the business crossroad that faced the company. While Cohen sought to preserve the identity and values deeply rooted into the companys DNA, the challenges facing a growing company became a reality. Business practices such as managing profits, instilling operational discipline, and hiring and retaining top talent created stress within Ben Jerrys.

Punctuation of Appositives

Punctuation of Appositives Punctuation of Appositives Punctuation of Appositives By Mark Nichol Consider the sentence â€Å"The site’s editor Mary Smith wrote an opinion on the topic.† The lack of supporting punctuation in the identification of the writer of the opinion is an error. This mistake is common when appositives are involved. An appositive is a word or phrase that is equivalent in meaning to another; in this case, â€Å"the site’s editor† and â€Å"Mary Smith† are different ways of referring to the same person, so they are appositives. (Similarly, in â€Å"The car, a brand-new Tesla, attracted much attention,† â€Å"the car† and â€Å"a brand-new Tesla† are appositives.) â€Å"The site’s editor, Mary Smith, wrote an opinion on the topic† and â€Å"Mary Smith, the site’s editor, wrote an opinion on the topic† both present additional information that is not essential to the sentence (and therefore is set off parenthetically by a pair of commas). Each one also unequivocally identifies Mary Smith as the sole editor of the site. (However, whether that means she is the only person who edits content on the site or she holds the specific position of editor and supervises one or more assistant editors is not certain; it would be better, if the latter is true, for her to hold a more distinctive title, such as â€Å"editor in chief.†) By contrast, the original wording is flawed, in that the appositives, or equivalent phrases, â€Å"the site’s editor† and â€Å"Mary Smith,† butt up against each other without intervening punctuation. (In the preceding sentence, appositives and â€Å"equivalent phrases† are themselves appositives.) The similar-looking but distinct construction in â€Å"Site editor Mary Smith wrote an opinion on the topic,† however, is correct, in that â€Å"site editor† is a job description that is essential to understanding Smith’s role in writing the opinion, rather than a parenthetical explanation that can be omitted. This version, though, also makes it unclear whether Smith is the only editor; is she the editor, or an editor? To indicate the latter, â€Å"Mary Smith, one of the site’s editors, wrote an opinion on the topic† or â€Å"Mary Smith, a site editor, wrote an opinion on the topic† is better. The original problem is related to that inherent in a sentence such as â€Å"John’s sister Jane is getting married.† The sentence may not accurately reflect how many sisters John has. As it is written, Jane is only one of two or more sisters; the lack of a comma between sister and Jane indicates that her name is essential information: The sister of John who is named Jane is getting married. â€Å"John’s sister, Jane, is getting married,† on the other hand, includes an optional parenthesis: John’s sister, whose name is Jane, is getting married. Depending on context, appositives may or may not be set off from each other by commas or other punctuation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point Arc80 Idioms with the Word TimeHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Growth - Essay Example Economic growth is widely defined as ‘the sustained increase in real per capita incomes’ (Gould, pp. 1, 1972). The definition can be broken down into small pieces. The growth that occurs should be ‘sustained’ because short-term changes in the economy do not count. There should be an increase in ‘real’ income. This takes into account inflation, which cuts down the monetary value of goods and services. Moreover, the definition includes ‘per capita’ for it has to ensure that the increase in the income is distributed evenly across the population. Economic growth is shown by a shift in the Production Possibility Curve (PPC) of a curve outwards since it indicates that there is an increase in the capacity to produce goods (Mukherjee, pp. 239, 2002). Broadly, economic growth encompasses living standards in various countries as well. Economic growth is a global topic and quite a compelling one (Weil, pp. 19, 2009). It is also a topic, which has been studied since the days of Adam Smith (Helpman, pp. ix, 2005). Economic growth is bound to be desirable when the benefits to the economy and the society are more than the costs. In economic terms, these costs and benefits are termed externalities. In essence, if social welfare has increased, then the economic growth has been desirable. Essentially, economic growth leads to an increase in national income. It achieves that through more investment whether private or government funded, leading to an expansion in consumption. The advocates of economic growth place great emphasis on the increment of material possessions. Economic growth therefore increases living standards.... 32, 2004). This increase in national income can be shown through a diagram: (Intermediate Economics, n.p, n.d) As shown in the diagram, as the aggregate expenditure (AE) which consists of Consumption and Investment among other things increase, the national income increases from A to B. In this sense, an increase in investment might also spur off employment opportunities. Therefore, increases in economic growth may indicate more jobs have been created, thus balancing the economic cycle (Clarke, Islam, pp. 32, 2004). Proponents of growth further argue that an increase in growth leads the society to increase social welfare in the sense that there is redistribution of income from the wealthy to the poor. This has been achieved through increased incomes, which are progressively taxed leading to an increase in social security payments for the poor (Karl E, pp. 676, 2007). There is an accelerator effect of growth on capital investment. Because aggregate demand increases in times of economic growth due to an increase in national income, more output is produced. This encourages investment in capital machinery. In addition, during times of economic growth, there is a boost in business confidence. Investors would want to invest in an economy where the aggregate demand is high for they can pursue better profits (Tutor2u.net, N.P. n.d). As mentioned above, economic growth leads to an increase in the ‘Aggregate Demand’ (AD) of a country. If the aggregate supply (AS) is not keeping up with the increase in AD, then there might to inflation. Therefore, there is a trade off between inflation and economic growth. Inflation is particularly harmful for a country for it erodes the value of the currency. (Harper College, n.p, n.d). In the diagram above, it can be seen that